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List of Internet top-level domains

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This list of Internet top-level domains (TLD) contains top-level domains, which are those domains in the DNS root zone of the Domain Name System of the Internet. A list of the top-level domains by the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is maintained at the Root Zone Database.[1] IANA also oversees the approval process for new proposed top-level domains for ICANN. As of April 2021, their root domain contains 1502 top-level domains.[2][3] As of March 2021, the IANA root database includes 1589 TLDs. That also includes 68 that are not assigned (revoked), 8 that are retired and 11 test domains.[1] Those are not represented in IANA's listing[2] and are not in root.zone file (root.zone file also includes one root domain).[4]

Types

[edit]
Main article: Top-level domain § Types

IANA distinguishes the following groups of top-level domains:[5]

Original top-level domains

[edit]

Seven generic top-level domains were created early in the development of the Internet, and predate the creation of ICANN in 1998.

Name Entity Administrator[6] Notes IDN DNSSEC SLD IPv6
.com commercial Verisign This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Though originally intended for use by for-profit business entities, for a number of reasons it became the main TLD for domain names and is currently used by all types of entities including nonprofits, schools, and private individuals. Domain name registrations may be successfully challenged if the holder cannot prove an outside relation justifying reservation of the name,[7] to prevent "squatting". It was originally administered by the United States Department of Defense. Yes Yes Yes Yes
.org organization Public Interest Registry This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. Originally created as a miscellaneous category as stated in RFC 920 (October 1984) "...any other domains meeting the second level requirements," and clarified in RFC 1591 (March 1994), "This domain is intended as the miscellaneous TLD for organizations that didn't fit anywhere else. Some non-government organizations may fit here."[8][9] While mainly non-profits have used this domain, it was never restricted from miscellaneous use. Yes Yes Yes Yes
.net network Verisign This is an open TLD; any person or entity is permitted to register. According to RFC 1591 (March 1994) "This domain is intended to hold only the computers of network providers."[9] Yes Yes Yes Yes
.int international Internet Assigned Numbers Authority The .int TLD is strictly limited to organizations, offices, and programs endorsed by a treaty between two or more nations. However, a few grandfathered domains do not meet these criteria. No Yes Yes Yes
.edu education Educause (via Verisign) The .edu TLD is limited to specific higher educational institutions such as, but not limited to, trade schools and universities. In the U.S., its use was restricted in 2001 to post-secondary institutions accredited by an agency on the list of nationally recognized accrediting agencies. This domain is therefore almost exclusively used by colleges and universities. Some institutions, such as the Exploratorium, that do not meet the current registration criteria have grandfathered domain names. No Yes Yes Yes
.gov U.S. national and state government agencies Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (via Verisign) The .gov TLD is limited to United States governmental entities and agencies as well as qualifying state, county and local municipal government agencies, and tribal governments. No Yes Yes Yes
.mil U.S. military United States Department of Defense The .mil TLD is limited to divisions, services and agencies of the United States Department of Defense. No Yes Yes Yes

Infrastructure top-level domains

[edit]
Infrastructure Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.arpa "Address and Routing Parameter Area" Originally assigned to the Advanced Research Projects Agency in the early days on the Internet, .arpa is now exclusively used as an Internet infrastructure TLD. No Yes

Country code top-level domains

[edit]
Main article: Country code top level domain § Lists

As of 20 May 2017, there were 255 country-code top-level domains, purely in the Latin alphabet, using two-character codes. As of June 2022, the number was 316, with the addition of internationalized domains.[1]

Proposed internationalized ccTLDs

[edit]
Main article: Proposed top-level domain § Internationalized country code top-level domains

Internationalized domain names have been proposed for Japan and Libya.

ICANN-era generic top-level domains

[edit]

English

[edit]
Main article: List of English-language generic Internet top-level domains

Chinese

[edit]
Name Chinese term Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.ren 人 rén "people/person" in Mandarin pinyin Restricted TLD[10] (Cancelled)[11] Un­known Yes
.shouji 手机 shǒujī mobile phone — QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
.tushu 图书 túshū books — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
.wanggou 网购 wǎnggòu online shopping — Amazon Registry Services, Inc.
.weibo 微博 wēibó microblogging — Sina Corporation
.xihuan 喜欢 xǐhuān like — QIHOO 360 TECHNOLOGY CO. LTD.
.xin 信 xìn credit; honest — Alibaba Group

French

[edit]
Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.arte "ARTE means Association relating to European television" — Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne G.E.I.E. [12]
.clinique "clinic or hospital" — The Estée Lauder Companies Inc. [12]
.luxe "luxury" — Minds + Machines[n 1] Un­known Yes
.maison "house" — Identity Digital[ID 1] Yes Yes
.moi "me" — Amazon Registry Services, Inc. [12]
.rsvp Invitations and replies — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Un­known Yes
.sarl Société à responsabilité limitée, Francophone Limited liability company — Identity Digital[ID 2] Yes Yes

German

[edit]
Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.epost e-mail — Deutsche Post AG
.gmbh GmbH Upon request, you will be required to demonstrate current or pending designation as a GmbH company whose existence can be validated with the respective public authorities in Austria, Germany, Liechtenstein or Switzerland. Identity Digital Yes Yes
.haus "house" — Identity Digital[n 3] Yes Yes
.immobilien "real estate" — Identity Digital[n 3] Yes[13] Yes
.jetzt "now" — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.kaufen "buy" — Identity Digital[n 3] Yes[13] Yes
.kinder "children" restricted .brand TLD Ferrero Trading Lux S.A.
.reise "travel" Must be an eligible member of the travel business community; also, domain must be used for travel-related purposes.[14] Identity Digital Yes[13] Yes
.reisen "traveling" — Identity Digital[ID 3] Yes[13] Yes
.schule "school" — Identity Digital[ID 4] Yes Yes
.versicherung "insurance" — Latin script[13] Yes

Hindi

[edit]
Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.desi देसी, Hindi for the peoples and cultures of South Asia
See also Desi		 — Desi Networks Un­known Yes
.shiksha शिक्षा, Marathi and Hindi for "education". — Identity Digital Un­known Yes

Italian

[edit]
Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.casa "house" — Minds + Machines[n 1] Yes Yes
.immo French, German,[15] and Italian abbreviation for "real estate" — Identity Digital[ID 5] Yes Yes
.moda "fashion" — Identity Digital[n 3] Yes[13] Yes
.voto "vote", for election and campaign websites Must use the domain in connection with a "clearly identified political/democratic process."[16] Initially only available to registrations in the United States.[17] Identity Digital Un­known Yes

Portuguese

[edit]
Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.bom good — Núcleo de Informação e Coordenação do Ponto BR - NIC.br
.passagens ticket — Travel Reservations SRL

Spanish

[edit]
Name Translation Restrictions Operator IDN DNSSEC
.abogado "lawyer" To be restricted to licensed lawyers or law firms.[18] Minds + Machines[n 1] Un­known Yes
.futbol "Football" (soccer) — Identity Digital[n 3] Yes Yes
.gratis "free" — Identity Digital[ID 6] Yes Yes
.hoteles "hotels" — Travel Reservations SRL
.juegos "games" — Uniregistry Yes[19] Yes
.ltda companies in South America Domains are limited to registered LTDAs (like LLCs) in Brazil, Colombia, Chile, and Ecuador.[20] InterNetX Un­known Yes
.soy "I am"
Also refers to the soybean and its food derivatives		 — Charleston Road Registry Inc. (Google)[n 2] Latin script, Japanese[21] Yes
.tienda "shop", "store" — Identity Digital Yes Yes
.uno "one", for websites targeting Spanish speaking consumers — Spanish Yes
.viajes "travel" or "trips" — Identity Digital Spanish Yes
.vuelos "flights" — Travel Reservations SRL Yes Yes

Internationalized generic top-level domains

[edit]

All of these TLDs are internationalized domain names (IDN) and support second-level IDNs.

Arabic script

[edit]
DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--4gbrim[22] .موقع Arabic Arabic mawqiʿ "site" or "location" Open TLD Yes
xn--fhbei[22] .كوم Arabic kwm com Owned by: VeriSign Sarl[12]
xn--mgbb9fbpob[22] .موبايلي Arabic mūbāylī Mobily Owned by: GreenTech Consultancy Company W.L.L.[12]
xn--mgbi4ecexp[22] .كاثوليك Arabic kāthūlīk Catholic Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (PCCS) (Pontifical Council for Social Communication)[12]
xn--ngbc5azd[22] .شبكة Arabic Arabic shabaka "network" Open TLD Yes
xn--ngbe9e0a[22] .بيتك Arabic baytak your home Owned by: Kuwait Finance House[12]
xn--mgbab2bd[22] .بازار Persian Arabic bâzâr "market", "bazaar" Open TLD Yes

Chinese characters

[edit]
DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--3ds443g[22] .在线 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) zàixiàn "online" Open TLD.
The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 internationalized subdomains for localities.[23]		 Yes
xn--fiq228c5hs[22] .中文网 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) Zhōngwén wǎng "(written) Chinese (language) network" Open TLD.
The Chinese Government quickly bought 20,000 IDN for localities.[23]		 Yes
xn--ses554g[22] .网址 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) wǎngzhǐ "network address" or "website" Open TLD Yes
xn--5tzm5g[22] .网站 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) wǎngzhàn "website" Open TLD Yes
xn--io0a7i[22] .网络 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) wǎngluò "network" Open TLD Yes
xn--55qx5d[22] .公司 Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) gōngsī "business organization" or "company" Open TLD Yes
xn--czru2d[22] .商城 Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) shāngchéng "mall" Open TLD Yes
xn--nqv7f[22] .机构 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) jīgòu "agency" Open TLD Yes
xn--6qq986b3xl[22] .我爱你 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) wǒ ài nǐ "I love you" Open TLD Yes
xn--czr694b[22] .商标 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) shāngbiāo "trademark" Open TLD Yes
xn--rhqv96g[22] .世界 Chinese and Japanese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji (Shinjitai and Kyūjitai) shìjiè
sekai		 "world" Open TLD Yes
xn--3bst00m[22] .集团 Chinese Chinese (Simplified) jítuán "conglomerate" Open TLD Yes
xn--30rr7y[22] .慈善 Chinese and Japanese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji (Kyūjitai and Shinjitai) císhàn
jizen		 "philanthropy" Open TLD Yes
xn--45q11c[22] .八卦 Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) bāguà "gossip" Open TLD Yes
xn--55qw42g[22] .公益 Chinese and Japanese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional), Kanji (Shinjitai and Kyūjitai) gōngyì
kōeki		 "philanthropy" Open TLD Yes
xn--g2xx48c[22] .购物 Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) gòuwù "shopping" Open TLD Yes
xn--kput3i[22] .手机 Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) shǒujī "cell phone" Open TLD Yes
xn--mxtq1m[22] .政府 Hani Chinese Chinese (Simplified and Traditional) zhèngfǔ "public affairs Second level restricted to ISO3166-1 country codes; third level registrations restricted to governmental organizations, or public institutions[24] Yes

Cyrillic script

[edit]
DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--d1acj3b[22] .дети Russian Cyrillic (Russian) dyeti "kids" or "children" Open TLD Yes
xn--80aqecdr1a[22] .католик Cyrillic Katolik "сatholic" (as noun) Owned by: Pontificium Consilium de Comunicationibus Socialibus (Pontifical Council for Social Communications)[12]
xn--j1aef[22] .ком Russian Cyrillic (Russian) kom "com" Owned by: VeriSign Sarl
xn--80asehdb[22] .онлайн Russian Cyrillic (Russian) onlain "online" Open TLD Yes
xn--c1avg[22] .орг Russian Cyrillic (Russian) org "org" or "organization" Open TLD Yes
xn--80aswg[22] .сайт Russian Cyrillic (Russian) sait "site" Open TLD Yes

Japanese characters

[edit]
DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--q9jyb4c[22] .みんな Japanese Hiragana minna everyone Open TLD[25] Yes
xn--1ck2e1b[22] .セール Japanese Katakana sēru sale Owned by: Amazon Registry Services, Inc.[12]
xn--bck1b9a5dre4c[22] .ファッション Japanese Katakana fasshon fashion
xn--cck2b3b[22] .ストア Japanese Katakana sutoa store
xn--eckvdtc9d[22] .ポイント Japanese Katakana pointo point
xn--gckr3f0f[22] .クラウド Japanese Katakana kuraudo cloud
xn--tckwe[22] .コム Japanese Katakana komu com Owned by: VeriSign Sarl[12]

Other script

[edit]
DNS Name IDN Language Script Transliteration English Translation Notes DNSSEC
xn--54b7fta0cc[26] .বাংলা Bengali Bengali Bānlā Bangla Open TLD
xn‑‑h2brj9c[27] .भारत Hindi Devanagari bharat India
xn--i1b6b1a6a2e[22] .संगठन Marathi, Hindi Devanagari saṅgaṭhana "organization" Open TLD Yes
xn--11b4c3d[22] .कॉम Marathi, Hindi Devanagari kom com
xn--c2br7g[22] .नेट Marathi, Hindi Devanagari net net
xn--mk1bu44c[22] .닷컴 Korean Hangul datkeom / tatk'ŏm dotcom
xn--t60b56a[22] .닷넷 Korean Hangul datnet / tatnet dotnet
xn--9dbq2a[22] .קום Hebrew Hebrew qwm com Open TLD Yes
xn--42c2d9a[22] .คอม Thai Thai khom com

Geographic top-level domains

[edit]

Africa

[edit]
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.africa Africa [12][28] Yes
.capetown Cape Town, South Africa [29] Un­known Yes
.durban Durban, South Africa [30] Un­known Yes
.joburg Johannesburg, South Africa [31] Un­known Yes

Asia

[edit]
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.abudhabi  Abu Dhabi, UAE [12] Yes
.arab League of Arab States [12] Yes
.asia Asia–Pacific region This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Asia, Australia, and the Pacific. Chinese, Japanese, Korean[13] Yes
.doha Doha, Qatar [12]
.dubai Dubai, UAE [12] Yes
.krd  Kurdistan This is a TLD for companies, organizations, and individuals based in the region of Kurdistan[32][33] Kurdish Yes
.kyoto  Kyoto, Japan [34] Yes
.nagoya Nagoya, Japan [35] Japanese[13] Yes
.okinawa  Okinawa, Japan [36] Japanese Yes
.osaka  Osaka, Japan [12] Yes
.ryukyu Ryukyu Islands, Japan [37] Un­known Yes
.taipei Taipei, Taiwan Introduced in September 2014[38] Un­known Yes
.tokyo  Tokyo, Japan [39] Yes Yes
.yokohama  Yokohama, Japan [40] Japanese Yes

Europe

[edit]
Geographic TLDs in France
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.alsace  Alsace "The purpose of .ALSACE is to bring Alsatian culture and identity to the Internet, make our region more visible internationally and boost the digital economy in Alsace."[41] Un­known Yes
.bzh  Brittany; Breton language and culture Breizh in Breton.[42] This is a TLD for Web sites in the Breton language or related to Breton culture French[13] Yes
.corsica  Corsica TLD Related to Corsican Culture Un­known Yes
.eus Basque, Spain and France Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically.[43] Un­known Yes
.paris  Paris "Must be an individual or corporate entity with a bona fide presence in the Greater area of Paris"[44] Yes Yes
Geographic TLDs in Spain
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.bcn  Barcelona [12] Yes
.barcelona Un­known Yes
.cat  Catalonia; Catalan language and culture This is a TLD for Web sites in the Catalan language or related to Catalan culture.[45] Catalan[13] Yes
.eus Basque, Spain and France Euskal Herria in Basque. Web sites must be in the Basque language and are checked periodically.[43] Un­known Yes
.gal  Galicia This is a TLD for Web sites in the Galician language or related to Galician culture.[46] Un­known Yes
.madrid  Madrid [47] Un­known Yes
Geographic TLDs in Germany
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.bayern  Bavaria [48] Yes Yes
.berlin  Berlin Must have a connection to Berlin, Germany for example a company based in Berlin or a person from Berlin etc.[49] Latin and Cyrillic scripts[13] Yes
.cologne  Cologne [50] Yes Yes
.koeln [51] Yes Yes
.hamburg  Hamburg Latin script[13] Yes
.nrw  North Rhine-Westphalia [52] Yes Yes
.ruhr Ruhr [53] German[13] Yes
.saarland  Saarland [54] Un­known Yes
Other European Geographic TLDs
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.eu  EU, European Union [55] Available for any person, company or organization based in the European Union. Yes Yes
.amsterdam  Amsterdam, Netherlands [56] Un­known Yes
.bar Bar, Montenegro [12] Mostly used for bars and other alcohol facilities worldwide Un­known Yes
.brussels  Brussels, Belgium [57] Latin script[13] Yes
.cymru  Wales, United Kingdom [58] Welsh[13] Yes
.wales [58] Welsh[13] Yes
.frl  Friesland, Netherlands Fryslân in (West) Frisian, one of the twelve provinces in the Netherlands.[59] Un­known Yes
.gent Ghent, Belgium [60] Un­known Yes
.helsinki  Helsinki, Finland Un­known Yes
.irish  Ireland; global Irish community Un­known Yes
.ist İstanbul, Turkey Un­known Yes
.istanbul Un­known Yes
.london London, United Kingdom [61] Yes Yes
.moscow [ru]  Moscow, Russia [62] Yes Yes
.scot  Scotland, United Kingdom [63] Un­known Yes
.stockholm  Stockholm, Sweden [12] Yes[64] Yes
.swiss   Switzerland [12] Yes[65] Yes
.tatar Tatar peoples and places Tatarstan is a region in Russia, though this TLD is meant for the global Tatar community.[66] Un­known Yes
.tirol  Tyrol, Austria [67] Yes[13] Yes
.vlaanderen  Flanders, Belgium [68] Latin script[13] Yes
.wien  Vienna, Austria [69] Latin script[13] Yes
.zuerich  Zurich, Switzerland [70] Un­known Yes
.su  Soviet Union [71] Yes[13] Yes

North America

[edit]
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC Alternatives
.boston  Boston, Massachusetts [12] Yes .boston.ma.us
.miami  Miami, Florida [72] Un­known Yes .miami.us
.nyc  New York City, New York [73] Spanish[13] Yes .new-york.ny.us
.quebec  Quebec, Canada [74] Un­known Yes .qc.ca
.vegas  Las Vegas, Nevada [75] Yes Yes .las-vegas.nv.us

Oceania

[edit]
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.kiwi New Zealand New Zealanders [76] Latin script[13] Yes
.melbourne  Melbourne, Australia [77] Un­known Yes
.sydney  Sydney, Australia [78] Un­known Yes

South America

[edit]
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.lat Latin America [79] Spanish[80] Yes
.rio  Rio de Janeiro, Brazil [81] Un­known Yes

Internationalized geographic top-level domains

[edit]
DNS name Display name Entity Language Script Transliteration Notes Other TLD IDN DNSSEC
xn--1qqw23a[22] .佛山 Foshan, China Chinese Chinese (Simplified) fat6 saan1 [82] Yes Yes
xn--xhq521b[22] .广东 Guangdong, China Chinese Chinese (Simplified) gwong2 dung1 [12]
xn--80adxhks[22] .москва [ru] Moscow, Russia Russian Cyrillic (Russian) moskva [83] .moscow Russian[13] Yes
xn--p1acf[22] .рус Russian language, post-Soviet states Russian Cyrillic (Russian) rus [12] .su
xn--mgbca7dzdo[22] .ابوظبي Abu Dhabi Arabic Arabic Abū Ẓabī [12] .abudhabi
xn--ngbrx[22] .عرب Arab Arabic Arabic ‘Arab [12]

Brand and corporate top-level domains

[edit]
Name Entity Notes IDN DNSSEC
.aaa American Automobile Association [12] Yes
.aarp AARP [12] Yes
.abarth Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Abarth) [12]
.abb ABB [12] Yes
.abbott Abbott Laboratories [12] Yes
.abbvie AbbVie [12] Yes
.abc American Broadcasting Company[84] [12] Yes
.accenture Accenture [12] Yes
.aco ACO Severin Ahlmann GmbH & Co. KG [12] Yes
.aeg Aktiebolaget Electrolux [12] Yes
.aetna Aetna [12] Yes
.afl Australian Football League [12] Yes
.agakhan Aga Khan Foundation [12] Yes
.aig American International Group [12] Yes
.aigo Aigo [12]
.airbus Airbus [12] Yes
.airtel Bharti Airtel [12] Yes
.akdn Aga Khan Foundation [12] Yes
.alfaromeo Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Alfa Romeo) [12]
.alibaba Alibaba Group [12] Yes
.alipay Alibaba Group [12] Yes
.allfinanz Allfinanz Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft [85] Un­known Yes
.allstate Allstate [12] Yes
.ally Ally Financial [12] Yes
.alstom Alstom [12] Yes
.amazon Amazon Yes
.americanexpress American Express [12] Yes
.amex American Express [12] Yes
.amica Amica Mutual Insurance [12] Yes
.android Google (Android) [86] Un­known Yes
.anz Australia & New Zealand Banking Group [12] Yes
.aol AOL [12] Yes
.apple Apple [12] Yes
.aquarelle Aquarelle.com Group [87] Un­known Yes
.aramco Aramco [12] Yes
.audi Audi [12] Yes
.auspost Australia Post [12] Yes
.aws Amazon Web Services [12] Yes
.axa Axa [88] Yes[13] Yes
.azure Microsoft [12] Yes
.baidu Baidu [12] Yes
.bananarepublic Gap (Banana Republic) [12]
.barclaycard Barclays [89] Un­known Yes
.barclays Barclays [89] Un­known Yes
.basketball FIBA [90] Yes
.bauhaus Werkhaus GmbH [12] Yes
.bbc BBC [12] Yes
.bbt BB&T [12] Yes
.bbva Banco Bilbao Vizcaya Argentaria [12] Yes
.bcg Boston Consulting Group [12] Yes
.bentley Bentley [12] Yes
.bharti Bharti Enterprises [12] Yes
.bing Microsoft (Bing) [12] Yes
.blanco BLANCO GmbH + Co KG [12]
.bloomberg Bloomberg [91] Un­known Yes
.bms Bristol-Myers Squibb [12] Yes
.bmw BMW [92] No Yes
.bnl Banca Nazionale del Lavoro [93] Un­known
.bnpparibas BNP Paribas [94] Un­known Yes
.boehringer Boehringer Ingelheim [12] Yes
.bond Bond University[12] Later became a gTLD on 26 November 2019 Yes
.booking Booking.com [12] Yes
.bosch Robert Bosch GmbH [12] Yes
.bostik Bostik [12] Yes
.bradesco Bradesco [95] Un­known Yes
.bridgestone Bridgestone [12] Yes
.brother Brother Industries [12] Yes
.bugatti Bugatti [12]
.cal Google (Google Calendar) [96] Un­known Yes
.calvinklein PVH [12] Yes
.canon Canon [12] Yes
.capitalone Capital One [12] Yes
.caravan Caravan International [97] Un­known Yes
.cartier Richemont DNS [12]
.cba Commonwealth Bank [12] Yes
.cbn Christian Broadcasting Network [12] Yes
.cbre CBRE Group [12] Yes
.cbs CBS [12]
.cern CERN [98] Un­known Yes
.cfa CFA Institute [12] Yes
.chanel Chanel [12] Yes
.chase Chase Bank [12] Yes
.chintai Chintai Corporation [ja] [12] Yes
.chrome Google (Google Chrome) [99] Un­known Yes
.chrysler Chrysler [12]
.cipriani Hotel Cipriani Srl [12] Yes
.cisco Cisco Systems [12] Yes
.citadel Citadel Domain [12] Yes
.citi Citigroup [12] Yes
.citic CITIC Group [100] No Yes
.clubmed Club Med [12] Yes
.comcast Comcast [12]
.commbank Commonwealth Bank [12] Yes
.creditunion CUNA Performance Resources [12] Yes
.crown Crown Equipment Corporation [12] Yes
.crs Federated Co-operatives
(Co-Operative Retailing System)		 [101] Un­known Yes
.csc DXC Technology
.cuisinella Société Alsacienne de Meubles (Cuisinella) [102] Un­known Yes
.dabur Dabur [12] Yes
.datsun Nissan (Datsun) [12] Yes
.dealer Dealer Dot Com [12] Yes
.dell Dell [12] Yes
.deloitte Deloitte [12] Yes
.delta Delta Air Lines [12] Yes
.dhl Deutsche Post [12] Yes
.discover Discover Financial Services [12] Yes
.dish Dish Network [12] Yes
.dnp Dai Nippon Printing [103] Un­known Yes
.dodge Chrysler (Dodge) [12]
.dunlop Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company (Dunlop Tyres) [12] Yes
.dupont DuPont [12] Yes
.dvag Deutsche Vermögensberatung [104] Un­known Yes
.edeka Edeka [105] Un­known Yes
.emerck Merck Group [106] Un­known Yes
.epson Seiko Epson [12] Yes
.ericsson Ericsson [12] Yes
.erni ERNI Group Holding AG [12] Yes
.esurance Esurance [12]
.etisalat Etisalat [12]
.eurovision European Broadcasting Union (Eurovision) [12] Yes
.everbank EverBank [107] Un­known
.extraspace Extra Space Storage [12] Yes
.fage Fage [12] Yes
.fairwinds FairWinds Partners [12] Yes
.farmers Farmers Insurance Exchange [12] Yes
.fedex FedEx [12] Yes
.ferrari Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Ferrari) [12] Yes
.ferrero Ferrero [12] Yes
.fiat Fiat Chrysler Automobiles [12]
.fidelity Fidelity Investments [12] Yes
.firestone Bridgestone [12] Yes
.firmdale Firmdale Holdings [108] Un­known Yes
.flickr Yahoo! (Flickr) [12] Yes
.flir FLIR Systems [12] Yes
.flsmidth FLSmidth [109] Un­known
.ford Ford [12] Yes
.fox Fox Broadcasting Company [12] Yes
.fresenius Fresenius Immobilien-Verwaltungs-GmbH [12] Yes
.forex Dotforex Registry Ltd [12] Yes
.frogans OP3FT Solely for use by the Frogans technology[110] Yes[13] Yes
.frontier Frontier Communications [12] Yes
.fujitsu Fujitsu [12] Yes
.fujixerox Fuji Xerox [12]
.gallo E & J Gallo Winery [12] Yes
.gallup Gallup [12] Yes
.gap Gap [12] Yes
.gbiz Google [111] Un­known Yes
.gea GEA Group [12] Yes
.genting Genting Group [12] Yes
.giving Public Interest Registry [12] Yes
.gle Google [112] Un­known Yes
.globo Grupo Globo [113] No Yes
.gmail Google (Gmail) [114] Un­known Yes
.gmo GMO Internet [115] Un­known Yes
.gmx 1&1 Mail & Media (GMX, Global Message Exchange) [116] Un­known Yes
.godaddy Go Daddy [12] Yes
.goldpoint Yodobashi Camera [12] Yes
.goodyear Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company [12] Yes
.goog Google [117] Un­known Yes
.google Google [118] Un­known Yes
.grainger Grainger Registry Services, LLC [12] Yes
.guardian Guardian Life Insurance Company of America [12]
.gucci Gucci [12] Yes
.hbo HBO [12] Yes
.hdfc Housing Development Finance Corporation [12] Yes
.hdfcbank HDFC Bank [12] Yes
.hermes Hermès [12] Yes
.hisamitsu Hisamitsu Pharmaceutical [12] Yes
.hitachi Hitachi [12] Yes
.hkt Hong Kong Telecom [12] Yes
.honda Honda [12] Yes
.honeywell Honeywell [12]
.hotmail Microsoft (Hotmail) [12] Yes
.hsbc HSBC [119] Un­known Yes
.hughes Hughes Network Systems [12] Yes
.hyatt Hyatt [12] Yes
.hyundai Hyundai Motor Company [12] Yes
.ibm IBM [120] Un­known Yes
.ieee Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers [12] Yes
.ifm ifm electronic gmbh [12] Yes
.ikano Ikano [12] Yes
.imdb Amazon (IMDb) [12] Yes
.infiniti Nissan (Infiniti) [12] Yes
.intel Intel [12]
.intuit Intuit [12] Yes
.ipiranga Ipiranga [12] Yes
.iselect iSelect [12]
.itau Itaú Unibanco [12] Yes
.itv ITV [12] Yes
.iveco CNH Industrial (Iveco) [12]
.jaguar Jaguar Land Rover [12] Yes
.java Oracle (Java) [12] Yes
.jcb JCB [12] Yes
.jcp JCP Media [12]
.jeep Chrysler (Jeep) [12] Yes
.jio Reliance Industries (Jio) [12] Yes
.jpmorgan JPMorgan Chase [12] Yes
.juniper Juniper Networks [12] Yes
.kddi KDDI [12] Yes
.kerryhotels Kerry Trading Co. Limited [12] Yes
.kerrylogistics Kerry Trading Co. Limited [12] Yes
.kerryproperties Kerry Trading Co. Limited [12] Yes
.kfh Kuwait Finance House [12] Yes
.kia Kia Motors Corporation [12] Yes
.kinder Ferrero (Kinder Surprise) [12]
.kindle Amazon (Amazon Kindle) [12] Yes
.komatsu Komatsu [12] Yes
.kpmg KPMG [12] Yes
.kred KredTLD [121] Un­known Yes
.kuokgroup Kerry Trading Co. Limited [12] Yes
.lacaixa Caixa d’Estalvis i Pensions de Barcelona [122] Un­known Yes
.ladbrokes Ladbrokes [12]
.lamborghini Lamborghini [12] Yes
.lancaster Lancaster (Coty) [12] Yes
.lancia Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Lancia) [12]
.lancome L'Oréal [12]
.landrover Jaguar Land Rover [12] Yes
.lanxess Lanxess [12] Yes
.lasalle JLL [12] Yes
.latrobe La Trobe University [123] Un­known Yes
.lds The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)[124] [125] Un­known Yes
.leclerc E.Leclerc [126] Yes
.lego Lego Group [12] Yes
.liaison Liaison Technologies [12]
.lexus Toyota (Lexus) [12] Yes
.lidl Lidl [12] Yes
.lifestyle Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc. [12] Yes
.lilly Eli Lilly and Company [12] Yes
.lincoln Ford (Lincoln) [12] Yes
.linde Linde [12]
.lipsy Lipsy Ltd [12] Yes
.lixil Lixil Group [12]
.locus Locus Analytics [12] Yes
.lotte Lotte Holdings [12] Yes
.lpl LPL Financial [12] Yes
.lplfinancial LPL Financial [12] Yes
.lundbeck Lundbeck [12] Yes
.lupin Lupin Limited [12]
.macys Macy's [12]
.maif Mutuelle Assurance Instituteur France (MAIF) [12] Yes
.man MAN [12] Yes
.mango Mango [127] Latin script[13] Yes
.marriott Marriott International [12] Yes
.maserati Fiat Chrysler Automobiles (Maserati) [12]
.mattel Mattel [12] Yes
.mckinsey McKinsey & Company [12] Yes
.metlife MetLife [12]
.microsoft Microsoft [12] Yes
.mini BMW (Mini) [128] No Yes
.mit Massachusetts Institute of Technology [12] Yes
.mitsubishi Mitsubishi Corporation [12] Yes
.mlb MLB Advanced Media [12] Yes
.mma MMA IARD [12] Yes
.monash Monash University [129][130] No Yes
.mormon The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)[124] [131] Un­known Yes
.moto Motorola [12] Yes
.movistar Telefónica (Movistar) [12]
.msd MSD Registry Holdings, Inc. [12] Yes
.mtn MTN [12] Yes
.mtr MTR Corporation [12] Yes
.mutual Northwestern Mutual [12]
.nadex Nadex [12]
.nationwide Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company [12]
.natura Natura & Co [12]
.nba National Basketball Association [12] Yes
.nec NEC [12] Yes
.netflix Netflix [12] Yes
.neustar Neustar [132] No Yes
.newholland CNH Industrial (New Holland Agriculture, New Holland Construction) [12]
.nfl National Football League [12] Yes
.nhk NHK [133] Un­known Yes
.nico Dwango (Niconico) [134] Un­known Yes
.nike Nike [12] Yes
.nikon Nikon [12] Yes
.nissan Nissan [12] Yes
.nissay Nippon Life [12] Yes
.nokia Nokia [12] Yes
.northwesternmutual Northwestern Mutual [12]
.norton NortonLifeLock [12] Yes
.nra National Rifle Association of America [135] Un­known Yes
.ntt Nippon Telegraph & Telephone [12] Yes
.obi OBI Group Holding SE & Co. KGaA [12] Yes
.office Microsoft (Microsoft Office) [12] Yes
.omega Swatch Group (Omega) [12] Yes
.oracle Oracle [12] Yes
.orange Orange [12] Yes
.otsuka Otsuka Pharmaceutical [136] Un­known Yes
.ovh OVH [137] French[13] Yes
.panasonic Panasonic [12] Yes
.pccw PCCW [12] Yes
.pfizer Pfizer [12] Yes
.philips Philips [12] Yes
.piaget Piaget [138] Un­known
.pictet Pictet [12] Yes
.ping Ping [12] Yes
.pioneer Pioneer Corporation [12] Yes
.play Google (Google Play) [12] Yes
.playstation Sony (PlayStation) [12] Yes
.pohl Deutsche Vermögensberatung
(founder Reinfried Pohl)		 [139] Un­known Yes
.politie Politie Nederland [12] Yes
.praxi Praxi [140] Un­known Yes
.prod Google (products) [141] Un­known Yes
.progressive Progressive Corporation [12] Yes
.pru Prudential Financial [12] Yes
.prudential Prudential Financial [12] Yes
.pwc PwC [142] Un­known Yes
.quest Quest Software [12] Yes
.qvc QVC [12]
.redstone Redstone Haute Couture Co [12] Yes
.reliance Reliance Industries [12] Yes
.rexroth Robert Bosch GmbH [12] Yes
.ricoh Ricoh [12] Yes
.ril Reliance Industries [12] Yes
.rmit Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology [12]
.rocher Ferrero (Ferrero Rocher) [12]
.rogers Rogers Communications [12] Yes
.rwe RWE [12] Yes
.safety Safety Registry Services, LLC. [12] Yes
.sakura Sakura Internet [ja] [12] Yes
.samsung Samsung SDS [12] Yes
.sandvik Sandvik [12] Yes
.sandvikcoromant Sandvik Coromant [143] Un­known Yes
.sanofi Sanofi [12] Yes
.sap SAP [144] Yes
.saxo Saxo Bank [12] Yes
.sbi State Bank of India [12] Yes
.sbs Special Broadcasting Service[12] Later became a gTLD on 15 June 2021 Yes
.sca Svenska Cellulosa [145] Un­known
.scb Siam Commercial Bank Thai[13] Yes
.schaeffler Schaeffler Technologies [12] Yes
.schmidt Société Alsacienne de Meubles (Cuisines Schmidt) [146] Un­known Yes
.schwarz Schwarz Gruppe [12] Yes
.scjohnson S. C. Johnson & Son [12]
.scor SCOR [12]
.seat SEAT [12] Yes
.sener Sener Ingeniería y Sistemas, S.A. [12] Yes
.ses SES [12]
.sew SEW Eurodrive [12] Yes
.seven Seven West Media [12] Yes
.sfr SFR [12] Yes
.seek Seek [147] No Yes
.shangrila Shangri-La Hotels and Resorts [12] Yes
.sharp Sharp Corporation [12] Yes
.shaw Shaw Cablesystems G.P. [12] Yes
.shell Shell [12] Yes
.shriram Shriram Capital [12]
.sina Sina Corp [12] Yes
.sky Sky Group [12] Yes
.skype Microsoft (Skype) [12] Yes
.smart Smart Communications [12] Yes
.sncf SNCF [12] Yes
.softbank SoftBank [12] Yes
.sohu Sohu [148] Un­known Yes
.sony Sony [12] Yes
.spiegel Der Spiegel [149] Un­known
.stada Stada Arzneimittel [12] Yes
.staples Staples [12] Yes
.star Disney Star [12] Yes
.starhub StarHub [12]
.statebank State Bank of India [12] Yes
.statefarm State Farm [12] Yes
.statoil Statoil [12]
.stc Saudi Telecom Company [12] Yes
.stcgroup Saudi Telecom Company [12] Yes
.suzuki Suzuki [150] Un­known Yes
.swatch Swatch Group [12] Yes
.swiftcover Swiftcover [12]
.symantec Gen Digital [12]
.taobao Alibaba Group (Taobao) [12] Yes
.target Target [12] Yes
.tatamotors Tata Motors [12] Yes
.tdk TDK [12] Yes
.telecity TelecityGroup [12]
.telefonica Telefónica [12]
.temasek Temasek Holdings [12] Yes
.teva Teva Pharmaceuticals [12] Yes
.tiffany Tiffany & Co. [12]
.tjx TJX Companies [12] Yes
.toray Toray Industries [12] Yes
.toshiba Toshiba [12] Yes
.total Total [12] Yes
.toyota Toyota [12] Yes
.travelchannel Lifestyle Domain Holdings, Inc. (Travel Channel) [12]
.travelers Travelers TLD, LLC (The Travelers Companies) [12] Yes
.tui TUI [151] Un­known Yes
.tvs T V Sundram Iyengar & Sons Private Limited [12] Yes
.ubs UBS [12] Yes
.unicom China Unicom [12] Yes
.uol Universo Online Delegated to UOL subsidiary UBN Internet.[152] Un­known Yes
.ups United Parcel Service [12] Yes
.vanguard Vanguard Group [12] Yes
.verisign VeriSign [12] Yes
.vig Vienna Insurance Group [12] Yes
.viking Viking River Cruises [12] Yes
.virgin Virgin Group [12] Yes
.visa Visa [12] Yes
.vista Vistaprint [12]
.vistaprint Vistaprint [12]
.vivo Telefônica Brasil [12] Yes
.volkswagen Volkswagen Group of America [12]
.volvo Volvo [12] Yes
.walmart Walmart [12] Yes
.walter Sandvik [12] Yes
.weatherchannel IBM (The Weather Company) [12] Yes
.weber Saint-Gobain [12] Yes
.weir Weir Group [12] Yes
.williamhill William Hill [153] Un­known Yes
.windows Microsoft (Microsoft Windows) [12] Yes
.wme Endeavor [154] Un­known Yes
.wolterskluwer Wolters Kluwer [12] Yes
.woodside Woodside Petroleum [12] Yes
.wtc World Trade Centers Association [155] Un­known Yes
.xbox Microsoft Xbox [12] Yes
.xerox Fuji Xerox [12] Yes
.xfinity Comcast [12]
.yahoo Yahoo! [12] Yes
.yamaxun Amazon (Amazon China) [12] Yes
.yandex Yandex [156] Un­known Yes
.yodobashi Yodobashi Camera [12] Yes
.youtube Google (YouTube) [157] Un­known Yes
.zappos Amazon (Zappos) [12] Yes
.zara Inditex (Zara) [12] Yes
.zippo Zippo [12]

Internationalized brand top-level domains

[edit]
DNS name IDN TLD Entity Script Transliteration Comments DNSSEC
xn--jlq480n2rg .亚马逊 Amazon Chinese (Simplified) Yàmǎxùn [158] Yes
xn—cckwcxetd .アマゾン Amazon Katakana amazon [159] Yes
xn--mgba3a3ejt .ارامكو Aramco Services Company Arabic [12]
xn--mgbaakc7dvf .اتصالات Emirates Telecommunications Corporation (trading as Etisalat) Arabic [12]
xn--8y0a063a .联通 China United Network Communications Corporation Limited Chinese (Simplified) Liántōng [12]
xn--6frz82g .移动 China Mobile Communications Corporation Chinese (Simplified) Yídòng
xn--fiq64b .中信 CITIC Group Chinese zhōngxìn [160] Yes
xn--5su34j936bgsg .香格里拉 Shangri‐La International Hotel Management Limited Chinese Xiānggélǐlā [12]
xn--b4w605ferd .淡马锡 Temasek Holdings (Private) Limited Chinese (Simplified) Dànmǎxī [12]
xn--3oq18vl8pn36a .大众汽车 Volkswagen (China) Investment Co., Ltd. Chinese (Simplified) Dàzhòngqìchē [12]
xn--vermgensberater-ctb .vermögensberater Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft Latin [161] Yes
xn--vermgensberatung-pwb .vermögensberatung Deutsche Vermögensberatung Aktiengesellschaft Latin [162] Yes
xn--qcka1pmc .グーグル Google Katakana gūguru [163] Yes
xn--flw351e .谷歌 Google Chinese gǔgē [164] Yes
xn--estv75g .工行 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China Limited Chinese Gōngháng [12]
xn--w4rs40l .嘉里 Kerry Trading Co. Limited Chinese Jiālǐ [12]
xn--w4r85el8fhu5dnra .嘉里大酒店 Kerry Trading Co. Limited Chinese Jiālǐdàjiǔdiàn [12]
xn--kcrx77d1x4a .飞利浦 Koninklijke Philips N.V. Chinese (Simplified) Fēilìpǔ [12]
xn--jlq61u9w7b .诺基亚 Nokia Corporation Chinese (Simplified) Nuòjīyà [12][165]
xn--fzys8d69uvgm .電訊盈科 PCCW Enterprises Limited Chinese (Traditional) din6 soen3 jing4 fo1 [12]
xn--cg4bki .삼성 Samsung Hangul samseong [166] Yes

Special-use domains

[edit]

ICANN/IANA has created some special-use domain names which are meant for technical purposes. ICANN/IANA owns all of the special-use domain names.[167]

Name Entity Notes IDN
.example Not installed as a domain name, but usable in text as an example.
(example.com, example.net, and example.org are also reserved for this purpose but are active sites.) 		Un­known
.internal Not installed as a domain name, but usable in private and internal networks. Un­known
.invalid Not installed as a domain name, but usable in testing as a domain which wouldn't work. Un­known
.local Local network. Must be used with multicast DNS (mDNS).[168] Un­known
.localhost Points back to own computer. Un­known
.onion Connection to the Tor network. Un­known
.test Meant for testing DNS software. Un­known

Non-IANA domains

[edit]

Besides the TLDs managed (or at least tracked) by IANA or ICANN, other independent groups have created, or had attempted to create, their own TLDs with varying technical specifications, functions, and outcomes.

Internet Engineering Task Force proposals for local TLDs

[edit]

The IETF has submitted several requests for comments on TLDs that could be used to represent local devices and services.

Name RFC Notes
.home.arpa RFC 8375[169] A special-use domain for non-unique use in residential home networks.
.internal RFC 6762 Appendix G[170] ICANN has registered this top-level domain for private use.[171]
.intranet The IETF does not recommend use of unregistered top-level domains at all, but should network operators decide to do this, the following top-level domains have been used on private internal networks without the problems caused by trying to reuse ".local" for this purpose.
.private
.corp Mentioned by ICANN for causing a name collision.[172]
.home
.lan Many routers automatically append ".lan" to local device hostnames, including those that use OpenWrt.

Blockchain-registered

[edit]

Blockchain-based domains are registered and exchanged using a public blockchain like Ethereum. Oftentimes, these domains serve specific functions such as creating human-readable references to smart contract addresses used in DApps or personal wallet addresses.[173] Generally, these non-standard domains are unreachable through the normal DNS resolution process and instead require clients to use some sort of transparent web proxy or gateway to access them

Name Blockchain Notes
N/A Handshake Handshake is both an alternative DNS root zone and a domain name-centric blockchain meant for managing TLDs in a decentralized way which allows virtually any domain to be registered as a TLD by end users. The project intends to be a more resilient and distributed implementation of the global root zone without needing a centralized organization, like ICANN, to manage or operate it. However, it doesn't aim to outright replace the existing root zone, as it reserves all existing TLDs so that a query for wikipedia.org, for example, that is sent to a Handshake node can be redirected to the traditional root.[174]
.eth Ethereum Domains under the .eth TLD are primarily used as human-readable aliases to Ethereum wallet addresses, rather than IP addresses,[175] though some efforts into expanding the use of .eth into the traditional DNS space have been made.
.crypto, .zil Ethereum, Zilliqa Both .crypto and .zil aim to make cryptocurrency wallet address resolution easier, with the exception that, unlike the other examples mentioned here, the two TLDs are the product of a for-profit company, Unstoppable Domains, that markets the domains as an alternative DNS root despite being entirely dependent on the traditional root zone.[176]
.bit Namecoin Namecoin's .bit TLD technically operates as a single-domain DNS root, though has historically peered with the OpenNIC root zone to provide greater accessibility. The popularity and usage of .bit domains is much lower than the other projects mentioned, despite it being the earliest example. This is primarily due to the negative reputation Namecoin has garnered after .bit domains became popular for sharing and distributing illegal or illicit content such as malware, which ultimately prompted OpenNIC to end its peering agreement and stop serving the TLD in its root zone in 2018.[177]
.xlm Stellar Soroban domain allows Stellar's blockchain addresses to be shortened as a .xlm address using a Soroban smart contract.[178]

Alternate roots

[edit]

In the case of alternative DNS roots, organizations or projects make use of the same mechanisms of the DNS but instead take on the role of ICANN in managing and administering an entirely separate root zone, thus having the ability to create new TLDs independently. However, this doesn't make these domains any less isolated from the rest of the internet, though the ability for clients to resolve them theoretically only requires switching to a recursive DNS resolver that recognizes and serves records underneath the alternate root zone.

Name Root Notes
N/A Handshake The list of registered TLDs on the Handshake blockchain is too large and dynamic to enumerate here.
.bbs .chan .cyb .dyn .geek .gopher .indy .libre .neo .null .o .oss .oz .parody .pirate OpenNIC
.fur FurNIC
.lib .coin .emc .bazar Emercoin
.ku .te .ti .uu .ko .rm New Nations

See also

[edit]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c A subsidiary of Minds + Machines Group (formerly Top Level Domain Holdings.)
  2. ^ a b Operated by Charleston Road Registry, Inc., a subsidiary of Google. See [1].
  3. ^ a b c d e Domain registry is operated by United TLD Holdco Ltd. t/a Rightside Registry, a subsidiary of the Rightside Group.

Internet Domain Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Operating as Victor Frostbite, LLC
  2. ^ Operating as Delta Orchard, LLC
  3. ^ Operating as New Cypress, LLC
  4. ^ Operating as Outer Moon, LLC
  5. ^ Operating as Auburn Bloom, LLC
  6. ^ Operating as Pioneer Tigers, LLC

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "IANA — Root Zone Database". iana.org. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  2. ^ a b "IANA's list of TLDs in machine-readable format". Iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  3. ^ "Daily TLD DNSSEC Report". icann.org. ICANN. 31 May 2020. Archived from the original on 25 March 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2020.
  4. ^ "Root Zone file". Retrieved 20 June 2020.
  5. ^ "IANA root zone database". Iana.org. Retrieved 10 November 2015.
  6. ^ "Root Zone Database". iana.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  7. ^ National Research Council, Committee on Internet Navigation and the Domain Name System: Technical Alternatives and Policy Implications; National Research Council, Computer Science and Telecommunications Board (7 August 2005). Signposts in Cyberspace: The Domain Name System and Internet Navigation. National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-09640-9.
  8. ^ J. Postel; J. Reynolds (October 1984). Domain requirements. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC0920. RFC 920. Status Unknown.
  9. ^ a b J. Postel (March 1994). Domain Name System Structure and Delegation. Network Working Group. doi:10.17487/RFC1591. RFC 1591. Informational.
  10. ^ "New TLDs this week: .London, .Global and more". Domain Name Wire - Domain Name News & Views. Archived from the original on 12 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  11. ^ "关于拟注销北京千橡网景科技发展有限公司".ren"顶级域域名注册管理机构许可的公示" (in Chinese). 9 December 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci cj ck cl cm cn co cp cq cr cs ct cu cv cw cx cy cz da db dc dd de df dg dh di dj dk dl dm dn do dp dq dr ds dt du dv dw dx dy dz ea eb ec ed ee ef eg eh ei ej ek el em en eo ep eq er es et eu ev ew ex ey ez fa fb fc fd fe ff fg fh fi fj fk fl fm fn fo fp fq fr fs ft fu fv fw fx fy fz ga gb gc gd ge gf gg gh gi gj gk gl gm gn go gp gq gr gs gt gu gv gw gx gy gz ha hb hc hd he hf hg hh hi hj hk hl hm hn ho hp hq hr hs ht hu hv hw hx hy hz ia ib ic id ie if ig ih ii ij ik il im in io ip iq ir is it iu iv iw ix iy iz ja jb jc jd je jf jg jh ji jj jk jl jm jn jo jp jq jr js jt ju jv jw jx jy jz ka kb kc kd ke kf kg kh ki kj kk kl km kn ko kp kq kr ks kt ku kv kw kx ky kz la lb lc ld le lf lg lh li lj lk ll lm ln lo lp lq lr ls lt lu lv lw lx ly lz ma mb mc md me mf mg mh mi mj mk ml mm mn mo mp mq mr ms mt mu mv mw mx my mz na nb nc nd ne nf ng nh ni nj nk nl nm nn no np nq nr ns nt nu "IANA Root Zone Database". Iana.org. Retrieved 25 July 2018.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab "IANA — Repository of IDN Practices". iana.org. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
  14. ^ §5, Policy for the Registration of .reise Domain Names Archived 20 February 2020 at the Wayback Machine, dotreise GmbH. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  15. ^ "'Immo' as abbreviation for 'immobiliën'". Archived from the original on 12 August 2016. Retrieved 13 September 2016.
  16. ^ ".VOTO Registration Policy". Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  17. ^ "Registrant FAQs". Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 18 December 2014.
  18. ^ General Eligibility Requirements and Principles for the new .LAW and .ABOGADO top-level domains Archived 29 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine, accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  19. ^ "Why choose .LTDA?". .LTDA advantages. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
  20. ^ "IANA — Repository of IDN Practices". iana.org. Retrieved 2 December 2014.
  21. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay "Delegated Strings". Newgtlds.icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  22. ^ a b "Chinese government buys 20,000 new IDN domain names". Domain Name Wire - Domain Name News & Views. 19 March 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  23. ^ ".政府 - ICANNWiki". Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  24. ^ "Google Registry – Google". Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  25. ^ "Report on the Delegation of the .বাংলা ("bangla") domain representing Bangladesh in Bengali script to the Ministry of Posts, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Posts and Telecommunications Division". www.iana.org. Retrieved 31 December 2022.
  26. ^ "Internationalized Domain Names (IDNs) | Registry.In". www.registry.in. Retrieved 19 December 2021.
  27. ^ ".africa Domain Frequently Asked Questions". .africa - Registry Africa. 16 May 2020. Archived from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 16 May 2020.
  28. ^ "dotCapeTown - .CapeTown - The new domain extension for the City of Cape Town". Nic.capetown. Archived from the original on 30 June 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  29. ^ "dotDurban - .Durban - The new domain extension for the City of Durban". Nic.durban. Archived from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  30. ^ "dotJoburg - .Joburg - The new domain extension for the City of Johannesburg". Nic.joburg. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  31. ^ IANA - .krd Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  32. ^ .krd Network Information Centre, accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  33. ^ "About .kyoto". The Kyoto College of Graduate Studies for Informatics. Archived from the original on 10 October 2017. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
  34. ^ "「.nagoya」名古屋のための新ドメイン". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  35. ^ IANA - .okinawa Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 25 August 2022.
  36. ^ IANA - .ryukyu Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  37. ^ ".taipei Net Top City". Archived from the original on 5 November 2014. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  38. ^ "「.tokyo」東京のための新ドメイン". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Archived from the original on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  39. ^ "「.yokohama」横浜のための新ドメイン". GMOドメインレジストリ株式会社. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  40. ^ "Book your extension .alsace".
  41. ^ ".BZH - L'extension internet de la Bretagne". .BZH - L'extension internet de la Bretagne.
  42. ^ a b ".eus Domeinua - .eus - Euskara eta Euskal Kultura Interneten". Nic.eus. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  43. ^ ".paris Registration Policy" (PDF). cdn.paris.fr. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  44. ^ (in Catalan) Fundació punt CAT | A Internet, el català és .cat. Registra ara un domini i identifica’t amb el teu .cat. Fundacio.cat. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  45. ^ "Dominio .gal". Dominio.gal. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  46. ^ IANA - .madrid Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  47. ^ "Startseite - .bayern - Das Web wird weiß-blau". nic.bayern.
  48. ^ (in German) berlin Top-Level-Domain Archived 18 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Nic.berlin. Retrieved 25 May 2014.
  49. ^ "The New TLDS .koeln & .cologne". Dot.cologne. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  50. ^ "The New TLDS .koeln & .cologne". Dot.koeln. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  51. ^ IANA - .nrw Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  52. ^ ".ruhr". Dot.ruhr. 5 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  53. ^ "dotSaarland GmbH". Retrieved 28 October 2014.
  54. ^ EURid.
  55. ^ amsterdam Top-Level-Domain.
  56. ^ ".brussels is now in the root! - DNS Belgium". Nic.brussels. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  57. ^ a b ".cymru .wales Our Home Online". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  58. ^ (in Dutch) frl Top-Level-Domain. Nic.frl. Retrieved 5 September 2014.
  59. ^ "Official website of .GENT". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  60. ^ "The New London Code". Nic.london. Archived from the original on 18 December 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  61. ^ "About TLDs .MOSCOW and .МОСКВА - dotMoscow: .MOSCOW and .МОСКВА TLDs for Russian Capital". Nic.moscow. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  62. ^ "Register .scot domains - Calico .scot domains - dotscot is the new Scottish top level domain". Calico.scot. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  63. ^ "Zonemaster växer.stockholm". Zonemaster. The Swedish Internet Foundation.
  64. ^ "Zuteilung und Verwaltung der Domain-Namen der zweiten Ebene, die der Internet-Domain ".swiss" untergeordnet sind" (in German). BAKOM. Retrieved 6 March 2019.
  65. ^ "Mission". Tatar Internet. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  66. ^ "Tirol Domain" (in German). Retrieved 25 November 2014.
  67. ^ ".vlaanderen is now in the root! - DNS Belgium". Nic.vlaanderen. Archived from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  68. ^ ".wien: punktwien". Nic.wien. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  69. ^ ".zuerich Registry Operator Website". Retrieved 17 June 2015.
  70. ^ "Register domain in .su zone". Retrieved 4 June 2024.
  71. ^ IANA - .miami Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 25 November 2014.
  72. ^ ".NYC Domain Name Extension - Official Website". .NYC - The Official Website for the Ultimate New York City Address. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  73. ^ ".QUEBEC". Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  74. ^ "Dot Vegas, Inc". Archived from the original on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  75. ^ "Why .kiwi?". Hello.kiwi. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  76. ^ Twenty4. "nic.melbourne - Home page". nic.melbourne. Retrieved 21 October 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  77. ^ IANA - .sydney Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  78. ^ ".LAT Domain - About us". Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  79. ^ ".LAT Domain - FAQs". Archived from the original on 3 September 2015. Retrieved 13 August 2015.
  80. ^ "IANA - .rio Domain Delegation Data". Archived from the original on 9 December 2014. Retrieved 1 December 2014.
  81. ^ xn--1qqw23a.html IANA - .佛山 Domain Delegation Data, IANA. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  82. ^ "О фонде | Foundation for Assistance for Internet Technologies and Infrastructure Development".
  83. ^ ".abc Domain Registration - .abc Domains - American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Domain Name .abc - Register American Broadcasting Companies, Inc. Domain Name .abc". 101domain.com. Retrieved 22 July 2018.
  84. ^ IANA — .allfinanz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  85. ^ IANA — .android Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  86. ^ IANA — .aquarelle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  87. ^ "dotAXA: AXA Group New Online Space" (PDF). Domains.axa. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  88. ^ a b "Barclays begins using .Barclays and .Barclaycard top level domains". 15 May 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
  89. ^ "FIBA launches .basketball as new digital identity of the global basketball community" (Press release). FIBA. 15 June 2017. Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  90. ^ IANA — .bloomberg Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  91. ^ "Home dotBMW registry operator". nic.bmw. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  92. ^ IANA — .bnl Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 June 2015.
  93. ^ "nic.bnpparibas". Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  94. ^ "IANA — .bradesco Domain Delegation Data". iana.org. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
  95. ^ IANA — .cal Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  96. ^ IANA — .caravan Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  97. ^ IANA — .cern Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  98. ^ IANA — .chrome Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  99. ^ "中国中信集团有限公司". Nic.citic. Archived from the original on 26 February 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  100. ^ IANA — .crs Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  101. ^ IANA — .cuisinella Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  102. ^ IANA — .dnp Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  103. ^ IANA — .dvag Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  104. ^ IANA — .edeka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 10 October 2016.
  105. ^ IANA — .emerck Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 November 2014.
  106. ^ IANA — .everbank Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  107. ^ IANA — .firmdale Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  108. ^ IANA — .flsmidth Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  109. ^ "Using the .frogans gTLD". Nic.frogans. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  110. ^ IANA — .gbiz Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  111. ^ IANA — .gle Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  112. ^ ".globo". Nic.globo. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  113. ^ IANA — .gmail Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  114. ^ IANA — .gmo Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  115. ^ IANA — .gmx Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  116. ^ IANA — Delegation Record for .GOOG. Accessed on line 3 October 2018.
  117. ^ IANA — .google Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  118. ^ ".hsbc". Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  119. ^ IANA — .ibm Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  120. ^ IANA — .kred Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  121. ^ IANA — .lacaixa Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 25 November 2014.
  122. ^ IANA — .latrobe Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  123. ^ a b This domain has been delegated to IRI Domain Management, LLC, a subsidiary of Intellectual Reserve, Inc., which is owned and operated by the LDS Church.
  124. ^ IANA — .lds Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  125. ^ "IANA — .leclerc Domain Delegation Data". iana.org. Retrieved 18 June 2019.
  126. ^ "MANGO". Nic.mango. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  127. ^ "Home dotMINI registry operator". Nic.mini. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  128. ^ ".monash - Network Information Centre". Nic.monash. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  129. ^ "New gTLD Program : InitialEvaluation Report : Report Date: 10 May 2013" (PDF). Newgtlds.icann.org. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  130. ^ IANA — .mormon Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 21 November 2014.
  131. ^ "Neustar Launches New TLD .Neustar". Nic.neustar. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  132. ^ IANA — .nhk Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  133. ^ ".nico - The Brand TLD for Dwango Co., Ltd". Dwango Co., Ltd. Retrieved 2 November 2015.
  134. ^ IANA — .nra Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  135. ^ IANA — .otsuka Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 26 November 2014.
  136. ^ "The New OVH Code" (PDF). Nic.ovh. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  137. ^ "NIC PIAGET". Archived from the original on 18 January 2018. Retrieved 17 March 2015.
  138. ^ IANA — .pohl Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  139. ^ IANA — .praxi Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  140. ^ IANA — .prod Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  141. ^ NIC PwC. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  142. ^ "Site:.SANDVIKCOROMANT - Google Search". Archived from the original on 29 October 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2016.
  143. ^ ".sap - ICANNWiki". icannwiki.org. Retrieved 23 May 2017.
  144. ^ ".sca". Archived from the original on 29 December 2018. Retrieved 4 November 2014.
  145. ^ IANA — .schmidt Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  146. ^ IANA — .seek Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 20 July 2016.
  147. ^ IANA — .sohu Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  148. ^ IANA — .spiegel Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  149. ^ IANA — .suzuki Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  150. ^ IANA — .tui Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 19 November 2014.
  151. ^ IANA — .uol Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  152. ^ IANA — .williamhill Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  153. ^ IANA — .wme Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  154. ^ IANA — .wtc Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  155. ^ "This is .yandex". Nic.yandex. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 July 2014. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  156. ^ IANA — .youtube Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 2 December 2014.
  157. ^ ".亚马逊 Domain Delegation Data". www.iana.org. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  158. ^ ".アマゾン Domain Delegation Data". www.iana.org. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
  159. ^ "Nic.中信". nic.中信. Archived from the original on 6 March 2015. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  160. ^ IANA — .vermögensberater Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  161. ^ IANA — .vermögensberatung Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 1 December 2014.
  162. ^ IANA — .グーグル Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  163. ^ IANA — .谷歌 Domain Delegation Data. Accessed on line 24 November 2014.
  164. ^ "DNSViz — 诺基亚 Retired 2022-12-06". dnsviz.net. Retrieved 7 December 2022.
  165. ^ "WHOIS 서비스란?". Whois.nic. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  166. ^ "Special-use domain names". Iana.org. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  167. ^ Multicast DNS. Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). doi:10.17487/RFC6762. RFC 6762.
  168. ^ Pfister, Pierre; Lemon, Ted (May 2018). "RFC: 8375 Special-Use Domain 'home.arpa.'". IETF Datatracker. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  169. ^ Cheshire, Stuart; Krochmal, Marc (February 2013). "RFC: 6762 Multicast DNS Appendix G. Private DNS Namespaces". IETF Datatracker. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  170. ^ "Approved Resolutions | Special Meeting of the ICANN Board | 29 July 2024". ICANN. 31 July 2024. Retrieved 9 August 2024.
  171. ^ "ICANN Name Collision". ICANN Wiki. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  172. ^ Werbach, Kevin (11 December 2018). The Blockchain and the New Architecture of Trust. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-34978-9.
  173. ^ "A crypto project to make internet names censorship-proof is now live". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  174. ^ "The Gold Rush Is on for Ethereum Domain Names". www.vice.com. 11 May 2017. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  175. ^ Francisco, Kieren McCarthy in San. "Sucks to be you, ICANN. We can go our own way: Opera to support sites using renegade top-level domain .crypto". www.theregister.com. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  176. ^ Cimpanu, Catalin. "OpenNIC drops support for .bit domain names after rampant malware abuse". ZDNet. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  177. ^ Tupui, Tupui. "Soroban Domains".
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