Siege of Ladysmith

Ladysmith
Siege of Ladysmith
	Part of Second Boer War
	; The town hall at Ladysmith, showing shell damage to the tower
Date	2 November 1899 – 28 February 1900; (3 months, 3 weeks and 5 days)
Location	Ladysmith, Natal; (present-day South Africa)28°33.6′S 29°46.8′E / 28.5600°S 29.7800°E
Result	British victory
Belligerents
United Kingdom	Transvaal; Orange Free State
Commanders and leaders
George Stuart White	Petrus Jacobus Joubert; Louis Botha; Christiaan De Wet
Strength
12,500	Max 21,000 men
Casualties and losses
c. 850 killed and wounded; 800 prisoners	52+ killed; Total casualties unknown

The siege of Ladysmith was a protracted engagement in the Second Boer War, taking place between 2 November 1899 and 28 February 1900 at Ladysmith, Natal.

Background

As war with the Boer republics appeared likely in June 1899, the War Office in Britain dispatched a total of 15,000 troops to Natal, expecting that if war broke out they would be capable of defending the colony until reinforcements could be mobilized and sent to South Africa by steamship. Some of these troops were diverted while returning to Britain from India; others were sent from garrisons in the Mediterranean and elsewhere.^{[citation needed]} Lieutenant General Sir George White was appointed to command this enlarged force. White was 64 years old and suffered from a leg injury incurred in a riding accident. Having served mainly in India, he had little previous experience in South Africa.^{[citation needed]}

Outbreak of war

Contrary to the advice of several British officials such as Sir Alfred Milner, the High Commissioner for Southern Africa, the Boer governments were not over-awed by the despatch of British troops to Natal. Instead, they regarded it as evidence of Britain's determination to seize control of the Boer republics.^{[citation needed]} The Transvaal government under President Paul Kruger considered launching an attack in September, but President Steyn of the Orange Free State, who would later become the spiritual heart of the Boer resistance, dissuaded them for several weeks while he tried to act as intermediary. With the complete breakdown in negotiations, both republics declared war and attacked on 12 October.^{[citation needed]}

A total of 21,000 Boers advanced into Natal from all sides.^[1] White had been advised to deploy his force far back, well clear of the area of northern Natal known as the "Natal Triangle", a wedge of land lying between the two Boer republics.^[2] Instead, White deployed his forces around the garrison town of Ladysmith,^[3] with a detachment even further forward at Dundee.^{[citation needed]} The entire British force could concentrate only after fighting two battles at Talana Hill and Elandslaagte.^{[citation needed]} As the Boers surrounded Ladysmith, White ordered a sortie by his entire force to capture the Boer artillery. The result was the disastrous Battle of Ladysmith, in which the British were driven back into the town having lost 1,200 men killed, wounded, or captured.^{[citation needed]}

Siege

The Boers then proceeded to surround Ladysmith and cut the railway link to Durban. Major General John French and his chief of staff, Major Douglas Haig escaped on the last train to leave, which was riddled with bullets.^{[citation needed]}

The town was then besieged for 118 days.^{[citation needed]} White knew that large reinforcements were arriving, and could communicate with British units south of the Tugela River by searchlight and heliograph. He expected relief soon. Meanwhile, his troops carried out several raids and sorties to sabotage Boer artillery.^{[citation needed]}

Louis Botha commanded the Boer detachment which first raided Southern Natal, and then dug in north of the Tugela to hold off the relief force.^{[citation needed]} On 15 December 1899, the first relief attempt was defeated at the Second Battle of Colenso.^{[citation needed]} Temporarily unnerved, the relief force commander, General Redvers Henry Buller, suggested that White either break out, or surrender after destroying his stores and ammunition. White could not break out because his horses and draught animals were weak from lack of grazing and forage, but also refused to surrender.^{[citation needed]}

On Christmas Day 1899, the Boers fired into Ladysmith a carrier shell without a fuse. It contained a Christmas pudding, two Union Flags and the message "compliments of the season". The shell is still kept in the museum at Ladysmith.^{[citation needed]}

Battle of Wagon Hill (or Platrand)

The Boers around Ladysmith were also growing weak from lack of forage. With little action, many fighters took unauthorised leave or brought their families into the siege encampments. Eventually, with the Tugela in flood, preventing Buller from giving any support,^[4] some younger Boer leaders persuaded General Piet Joubert to order a storming attempt on the night of 5 January 1900, before another relief attempt could be made.^{[citation needed]}

The British line south of Ladysmith ran along a ridge known as the Platrand.^{[citation needed]} The occupying British troops had named its features Wagon Hill to the west, and Caesar's Camp (after features near Aldershot, well known to much of the British army) to the east.^[5] Under Ian Hamilton, they had constructed a line of forts, sangars and entrenchments on the reverse slope of the Platrand, of which the Boers were unaware.^{[citation needed]}

In the early hours of 6 January 1900, Boer storming parties under General C. J. de Villiers began climbing Wagon Hill and Caesar's Camp. They were spotted and engaged by British working parties who were emplacing some guns. The Boers captured the edge of both features, but could not advance further. British counter-attacks also failed.^[5] At noon, de Villiers made another attack on Wagon Hill. Some exhausted defenders panicked and fled, but Hamilton led reserves to the spot and recaptured some empty gun pits. Late in the afternoon, a terrific rainstorm broke, and the Boers withdrew under cover of it.^[5] The British suffered 175 killed and 249 wounded. 52 dead Boers were left in the British positions, but their total casualties were not recorded.^{[citation needed]}

Later siege and relief

While Buller made repeated attempts to fight his way across the Tugela, the defenders of Ladysmith suffered increasingly from shortage of food and other supplies, and from disease, mainly enteric fever (typhoid), which claimed many lives.^{[citation needed]} The Boers had long before captured Ladysmith's water supply, and the defenders could use only the muddy Klip River.^{[citation needed]} Towards the end of the siege, the garrison and townsfolk were living largely on their remaining draught oxen and horses (mainly in the form of "chevril", a meat paste named after the commercial beef extract "Bovril").^{[citation needed]}

Eventually, Buller broke through the Boer positions on 27 February.^{[citation needed]} Following their succession of reverses, his troops had developed effective tactics based on close co-operation between the infantry and artillery. After the protracted struggle, the morale of Botha's men at last broke and they and the besiegers retreated, covered by another huge thunderstorm. Buller did not pursue, and White's men were too weak to do so.^{[citation needed]}

The first party of the relief column under Major Hubert Gough, who was accompanied by war correspondent Winston Churchill, rode in on the evening of 28 February.^[6] White reportedly greeted them saying: "Thank God we kept the flag flying".^[7]

Aftermath

The relief was widely celebrated,^[8] followed by much larger celebrations after the siege of Mafeking.^{[citation needed]} Four Victoria Crosses awarded following the siege to John Norwood, James Edward Ignatius Masterson, Herman Albrecht, and Robert James Thomas Digby-Jones. Albrecht and Digby-Jones were both killed in action, and their awards were posthumous.^{[citation needed]}

Medical treatment during the siege

Early in the siege an agreement between George Stuart White and Piet Joubert led to the creation of the neutral Intombi Military Hospital some 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) outside Ladysmith. It was run by Major-General David Bruce and his wife Mary.^[9] During the siege, the number of beds in the hospital camp grew from an initial 100 to over 1900. A total of 10,673 admissions were received and treated at Intombi.^[10] One train per day was allowed to carry wounded from Ladysmith to Intombi.^{[citation needed]}

Notable casualties during the siege

Arthur Stark, English author of The Birds of South Africa, was resident in the town's Royal Hotel. On the evening of 18 November 1899, when he was standing on the hotel's veranda, he was hit by shellfire from Pepworth Hill and suffered serious leg injuries. He died soon afterwards while undergoing surgery, and was buried in Ladysmith. H. W. Nevinson attended his funeral, and recorded the irony of Stark having been vociferously opposed to British war policy.^[11]

George Warrington Steevens, British author and war correspondent, died of enteric fever on 15 January 1900. He had been attached to Sir George White's force, and had sent many articles back to Britain. These were published posthumously in From Capetown to Ladysmith.^[12]

References

^ Pakenham, Thomas (1979). The Boer War. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-2977-7395-5.
^ Pakenham, pp. 97, 107.
^ Durand, Henry Mortimer; White, George Stuart (1915). "III – Arrival in South Africa". The life of Field-Marshal Sir George White, V.C. Vol. II. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood. pp. 17–27. Retrieved 1 December 2009.
^ Symons, Julian (1963), "10 – Spion Kop", Buller's Campaign, London: The Cresset Press, p. 191
^ ^a ^b ^c Spiers, Edward, ed. (2010), Letters from Ladysmith: Eyewitness Accounts from the South African War (illustrated ed.), Frontline Books, pp. 77–84, ISBN 978-1-8483-2594-4
^ Churchill, Winston (1900). London to Ladysmith via Pretoria. Longman. pp. 208–210.
^ "Boer Traits and British Traits" (PDF). The New York Times. 6 March 1900. Retrieved 11 May 2009.
^ "Small Riots in Cape Colony" (PDF). The New York Times. 5 March 1900. p. 2.
^ Cook, G. C. (2007). Tropical Medicine: An Illustrated History of The Pioneers. Burlington (US): Elsevier Ltd. pp. 145–156. ISBN 978-0-0805-5939-1.
^ Watt, S. "Intombi Military Hospital and Cemetery". Military History Journal. 5 (6). Die Suid-Afrikaanse Krygshistoriese Vereniging.
^ Nevinson, H. W. (1900). Ladysmith—The Diary of a Siege. Methuen. p. 107.
^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Steevens, George Warrington" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 869.

External links

Ladysmith, The Diary of a Siege by Henry W. Nevinson at Project Gutenberg

Four Months Besieged, The Story of Ladysmith by H. H. S. Pearse at Project Gutenberg

London to Ladysmith via Pretoria by Sir Winston S. Churchill at Project Gutenberg

The Record of a Regiment of the Line by M. Jacson at Project Gutenberg, Being a Regimental History of the 1st Battalion Devonshire Regiment during the Boer War 1899–1902. Deals extensively with the Siege of Ladysmith
Conan Doyle, Arthur; The Great Boer War
Creswicke, Louis; South Africa and the Transvaal War, Vol. 2 (of 6)
The Great Boer War, "Chapter 13: The Siege Of Ladysmith"

[1] Pakenham, Thomas (1979). The Boer War. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-2977-7395-5.

[2] Pakenham, pp. 97, 107.

[TLO2-C3-3] Durand, Henry Mortimer; White, George Stuart (1915). "III – Arrival in South Africa". The life of Field-Marshal Sir George White, V.C. Vol. II. Edinburgh: W. Blackwood. pp. 17–27. Retrieved 1 December 2009.

[4] Symons, Julian (1963), "10 – Spion Kop", Buller's Campaign, London: The Cresset Press, p. 191

[Spiers-5] Spiers, Edward, ed. (2010), Letters from Ladysmith: Eyewitness Accounts from the South African War (illustrated ed.), Frontline Books, pp. 77–84, ISBN 978-1-8483-2594-4

[6] Churchill, Winston (1900). London to Ladysmith via Pretoria. Longman. pp. 208–210.

[7] "Boer Traits and British Traits" (PDF). The New York Times. 6 March 1900. Retrieved 11 May 2009.

[8] "Small Riots in Cape Colony" (PDF). The New York Times. 5 March 1900. p. 2.

[9] Cook, G. C. (2007). Tropical Medicine: An Illustrated History of The Pioneers. Burlington (US): Elsevier Ltd. pp. 145–156. ISBN 978-0-0805-5939-1.

[10] Watt, S. "Intombi Military Hospital and Cemetery". Military History Journal. 5 (6). Die Suid-Afrikaanse Krygshistoriese Vereniging.

[11] Nevinson, H. W. (1900). Ladysmith—The Diary of a Siege. Methuen. p. 107.

[12] Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Steevens, George Warrington" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 25 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 869.

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